RSC - Green Chem. latest articles

Dual Use of a Chemical Auxiliary: Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for the Selective Recovery of Products from Biocatalytic Reaction Mixtures

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35604J, Paper

Aaron T. Larsen, Tiffany Lai, Vanja Polic, Karine Auclair
Auxiliary-directed biocatalysis is a powerful and relatively benign tool for chemical synthesis. We recently reported the use of theobromine as a chemical auxiliary for directing CYP3A4-catalyzed oxidations with predictable regio-,...
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Organic-inorganic hybrid porous sulfonated zinc phosphonate material: efficient catalyst for biodiesel synthesis at room temperature

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35225G, Paper

Asim Bhaumik, Malay Pramanik, Mahasweta Nandi, Hiroshi Uyama
A new porous zinc phosphonate material (HZnP-1) has been synthesized through the reaction of p-xylenediphosphonic acid and anhydrous ZnCl2 under hydrothermal condition at mildly acidic condition (pH~5)in the absence of...
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Lanthanide Replacement in Organic Synthesis: Luche-Type Reduction of [small alpha],[small beta]-Unsaturated Ketones in the Presence of Calcium triflate

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35619H, Communication

Nina Forkel, David Henderson, Matthew Fuchter
Development of a calcium-mediated regioselective 1,2-reduction of challenging [small alpha],[small beta]-unsaturated ketones, such as 2-cyclopententone, is reported. The corresponding allylic alcohols are obtained in very good regioselectivities using Ca(OTf)2 and NaBH4. Furthermore,...
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Elimination of the negative effect of nitrogen compounds by CO2/water in the hydrocracking of anthracene

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35424A, Communication

Buxing Han, Honglei Fan, Qian Wang, Jin Guo, Tao Jiang, Zhaofu Zhang, Guanying Yang
Development of green and efficient methods to eliminate the negative effect of the nitrogen compounds in the hydrocracking of heavy oils is of great importance, and model compounds (e.g. anthracene)...
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[small omega]-Transaminase-catalyzed kinetic resolution of chiral amines using L-threonine as an amino acceptor precursor

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35615E, Communication

M. Shaheer Malik, Eul-Soo Park, Jong-Shik Shin
Cost-effective kinetic resolution of chiral amines using L-threonine as a cosubstrate was demonstrated by a biocatalytic strategy in which (S)-selective [small omega]-transaminase ([small omega]-TA) was coupled with threonine deaminase (TD), eliminating the...
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PdCl2(py)2 encaged in monodispersed zeolitic hollow spheres: a highly efficient and reusable catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction in aqueous media

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35302D, Paper

Zhenhong Guan, Jianglin Hu, Yanlong Gu, Haojun Zhang, Guangxing Li, Tao Li
Silicalite-1 hollow spheres as "containers" for PdCl₂(py)₂ represent one of the most efficient heterogeneous systems in Suzuki-Miyaura reactions.
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Triacetic acid lactone as a potential biorenewable platform chemical

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35343A, Communication

Mei Chia, Thomas J. Schwartz, Brent H. Shanks, James A. Dumesic
Triacetic acid lactone is a versatile biorenewable molecule with potential as a platform chemical for the production of valuable bifunctional chemical intermediates and end products, such as sorbic acid.
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Zeolite supported Bronsted-acid ionic liquids: an eco approach for synthesis of spiro[indole-pyrido[3,2-e]thiazine] in water under ultrasonication

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35168D, Paper

Kapil Arya, Diwan Singh Rawat, Hiroaki Sasai
Ultrasound-promoted novel protocol has been developed for spiro heterocycles. Those reluctant to be formed under conventional conditions, can be prepared by one pot cyclocondensation reaction between N-substituted isatin and amines with 2-mercaptonicotinic acid in the presence of a novel ZSM-5-zeolite Bronsted-acid catalyst system in water.
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Ionic liquids as foaming agents of semi-crystalline natural-based polymers

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC16652F, Paper

Ana Rita C. Duarte, Simone S. Silva, Joao F. Mano, Rui L. Reis
In this work the design and development of new 3D architectures of natural-based polymers, namely a starch polycaprolactone blend was achieved by combining ionic liquids (ILs) and supercritical fluid (SCF) technology. To our knowledge it is the first time that ILs, which have recently been proposed as plasticizing agents, were used as foaming agents.
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Probing the microwave interaction mechanisms and reaction pathways in the energy-efficient, ultra-rapid synthesis of tungsten carbide

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35272A, Paper

Simon Vallance, Helen Kitchen, Clemens Ritter, Samuel Kingman, Georgios Dimitrakis, Duncan Gregory
Tungsten carbide, WC, can be prepared by microwave (MW) synthesis in the solid state from its component elements in air on timescales that are orders of magnitude faster than those...
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Construction of a quinoline ring via a 3-component reaction in water: crystal structure analysis and H-bonding patterns of a 2-aryl quinoline

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35256G, Communication

T. Ram Reddy, L. Srinivasula Reddy, G. Rajeshwar Reddy, Kaviraj Yarbagi, Y. Lingappa, D. Rambabu, G. Rama Krishna, C. Malla Reddy, K. Shiva Kumar, Manojit Pal
We describe green synthesis of 2-substituted quinolines via a 3-component reaction in water along with the crystal structure analysis of a 2-arylquinoline.
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A new route for the synthesis of methacrylic acid from 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol by integrating biotransformation and catalytic dehydration

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35214A, Paper

Sang-Hyun Pyo, Tarek Dishisha, Secil Dayankac, Jargalan Gerelsaikhan, Stefan Lundmark, Nicola Rehnberg, Rajni Hatti-Kaul
Methacrylic acid was produced in high yield by an integrated process involving bioconversion of 2-methyl-1,3-propanediol to 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionic acid 3-hydroxy-2-methylpropanal, and catalytic dehydration of the resulting acid.
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Carbonic Anhydrase Assisted Calcium Carbonate Crystalline Composites as a Biocatalyst

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35444F, Paper

Ee Taek Hwang, Haemin Gang, Jinyang Chung, Man bock Gu
In the present study, we report on the carbonic anhydrase (CA)-assisted formation of biomineralized calcium carbonate crystalline composites (CCCCs). Ellipsoidal CCCCs, such as calcite polymorphism, in a micro-size range catalyzed...
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Water-soluble hyperbranched poly(ester urethane)s based on D,L-alanine: isocyanate-free synthesis, post-functionalization and application

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35261C, Paper

Youmei Bao, guorong Shen, Jing He, Yuesheng Li Li
Green synthesis of a novel hyperbranched poly(ester urethane) (HBPEU) derived from D,L-alanine and an environment-friendly cyclic carbonate monomer, glycerol carbonate, has been reported via an isocyanate-free method. Benefited from the...
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Immobilization and stabilization of subtilisin Carlsberg in magnetically-separable mesoporous silica for the transesterification in an organic solvent

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35559K, Communication

Ee Taek Hwang, Byoungsoo Lee, Meiling Zhang, Seung-Hyun Jun, Jongmin Shim, Jinwoo Lee, Jungbae Kim, Man bock Gu
Subtilisin Carlsberg (SC) was immobilized and stabilized in magnetically-separable mesoporous silica (Mag-MSU-F) in a form of nanoscale enzyme reactors (NERs) based on the ship-in-a-bottle mechanism. Stablized NERs of SC (NER-SC)...
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Isopropenyl acetate, a remarkable, cheap and acylating agent of amines under solvent- and catalyst-free conditions: a systematic investigation.

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35485C, Paper

Romina Pelagalli, Isabella Chiarotto, Marta Feroci, Stefano Vecchio
Isopropenyl acetate was proved to be an efficient reagent for acetylation of amine in the absence of solvent and catalyst. The corresponding acetamides were obtained in very high yields without...
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Evolution of asymmetric organocatalysis: multi- and retrocatalysis

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35160A, Critical Review

Raffael C. Wende, Peter R. Schreiner
Combining multiple organocatalysts with orthogonal reactivity for one-pot multistep reaction sequences leads to significantly improved reaction and resource efficiency - a review.
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Synthesis of C6-Azolyl Purine Nucleosides via C-N Coupling Reaction of Unprotected 6-Chloropurine Nucleosides and N-Heterocycles under Catalyst- and Solvent-Free Condition

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35419E, Communication

Haiming Guo, Guirong Qu, Hongying Niu
C6-Azolyl purine nucleosides products are prepared in high yields under solvent- and catalyst-free conditions via C-N coupling reaction of unprotected 6-chloropurine nucleosides and N-heterocycles, providing a unifying, simple and environmentally...
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Efficient and reusable amine-functionalized polyacrylonitrile fiber catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation in water

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35483G, Paper

Guowei Li, Jia Xiao, Wenqin Zhang
A series of new fiber catalysts has been synthesized by aminating a commercially available polyacrylonitrile fiber with polyamines such as diethylenetriamine and triethylenetetramine. These fiber catalysts can efficiently catalyze the...
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Preparation and characterization of bioplastics made from cottonseed protein

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35509D, Paper

Hangbo Yue, Yingde Cui, Peter S. Shuttleworth, Prof James Clark
Cottonseed protein bioplastics (CPBs) from cottonseed flour were successfully prepared by hot-press molding in the presence of urea, aldehydes and glycerol. The effect of cross-linking treatment on the thermal stability,...
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Bio-oil upgrading at ambient pressure and temperature using zero valent metals

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35426H, Paper

Wu-Jun Liu, Xue-Song Zhang, Hong Jiang, Yan-Chao Qv, Han-qing Yu
As a liquid product from fast pyrolysis of renewable biomass, bio-oil has a great potential use as fuel or high-value chemicals resource, but it is accompanied with the inherent drawbacks...
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Simultaneous delignification and selective catalytic transformation of agricultural lignocellulose in cooperative ionic liquid pairs

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35105F, Paper

Jinxing Long, Xuehui Li, Bin Guo, Furong Wang, Yinghao Yu, Lefu Wang
An efficient liquefaction and selective delignification process for lignocelluloses was achieved based on a dissolution and in situ catalysis mechanism.
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Ionic liquid-functionalized biochar sulfonic acid as a biomimetic catalyst for hydrolysis of cellulose and bamboo under microwave irradiation

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35071H, Paper

Chao Zhang, Zaihui Fu, Ya Chun Liu, Baohua Dai, Yanhong Zou, Xinglang Gong, Yanlong Wang, Xiaolin Deng, Haitao Wu, Qiong Xu, Kirk R. Steven, Dulin Yin
Ionic liquid-functionalized biochar sulfonic acid (BC-SO₃H-IL) was found to be an efficient biomimetic catalyst for microwave-assisted heterogeneous hydrolysis of cellulose.
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Iodine-Catalyzed Oxidative System for 3-Sulfenylation of Indoles with Disulfides using DMSO as oxidant under Ambient Conditions In Dimethyl Carbonate

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35337G, Paper

Wenlei Ge, Yunyang Wei
The iodine catalyzed oxidative system for 3-sulfenylation of indoles with disulfides using DMSO has been achieved under ambient conditions, providing a highly convenient and efficient method for the synthesis of...
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Robust eco-friendly protocol for the preparation of [gamma]-hydroxy-[small alpha],[small beta]-acetylenic esters by sequential one-pot elimination-addition of 2-bromoacrylates to aldehydes promoted by LTMP in 2-MeTHF

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35305A, Communication

Vittorio Pace, Laura Castoldi, Andres R. Alcantara, Wolfgang Holzer
[gamma]-Hydroxy-[small alpha],[small beta]-acetylenic esters are synthesized directly from 2-bromoacrylic esters and aldehydes with LTMP in the biomass-derived solvent 2-MeTHF.
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A structured catalyst based on cobalt phthalocyanine/calcined Mg-Al hydrotalcite film for the oxidation of mercaptan

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC16462K, Paper

Zhiyong Sun, Lan Jin, Shan He, Yufei Zhao, Min Wei, David G. Evans, Xue Duan
A CoPcS/MMO structured catalyst was fabricated, which shows high catalytic activity, good recyclability and easy manipulation for the mercaptan sweetening process.
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Metal-free oxidation of sulfides by carbon nitride with visible light illumination at room temperature

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35148J, Paper

Pengfei Zhang, Yong Wang, Haoran Li, Markus Antonietti
Mpg-C₃N₄ has been successfully utilized as an metal-free catalyst, especially for coupling with aldehydes, in the visible-light-induced oxidation of sulfides by O₂ under mild conditions (25 [degree]C, O₂ 1 atm).
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Mechanosynthesis of nitrosobenzenes: a proof-of-principle study in combining solvent-free synthesis with solvent-free separations

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35410A, Communication

Igor Huskic, Ivan Halasz, Tomislav Friscic, Hrvoj Vancik
Selective and completely solvent-free solid-state mechanochemical oxidation of anilines to nitrosobenzenes fills the gap in the solid-state interconversions of nitrogen-based organic functionalities.
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Selective recovery of gold using some cross-linked polysaccharide gels

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35321K, Paper

Bimala Pangeni, Hari Paudyal, Minoru Abe, Katsutoshi Inoue, Hidetaka Kawakita, Keisuke Ohto, Birendra Babu Adhikari, Shafiq Alam
Effective recovery of gold from aqueous acidic chloride media was achieved with different kinds of polysaccharides with different structures by treating with concentrated sulfuric acid.
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An insight into solvent-free diimide porphyrin reduction: a versatile approach for meso-aryl hydroporphyrin synthesis

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35126A, Paper

Mariette M. Pereira, Artur R. Abreu, Nuno P. F. Goncalves, Mario J. F. Calvete, Ana V. C. Simoes, Carlos J. P. Monteiro, Luis G. Arnaut, Maria Ermelinda Eusebio, Joao Canotilho
Environmentally sustainable synthetic method for the preparation of meso-aryl hydroporphyrins, via reduction of porphyrins with diimide, in the total absence of solvents and bases. Thermomicroscopy studies clearly showed that the process is a typical solvent-free reaction.
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An efficient protocol for palladium-catalyzed ligand-free Suzuki-Miyaura coupling in water

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35401B, Communication

Manoj Mondal, Utpal Bora
An in situ generated catalytic system based on PdCl2 and sodium sulfate exhibited excellent catalytic activity in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions of aryl halides with arylboronic acids at room temperature...
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Aromatic C-N bond formation via simultaneous activation of C-H and N-H bonds: direct oxyamination of benzene to aniline

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35445D, Communication

Bin Guo, Qian Zhang, Guiying Li, Junyi Yao, Changwei Hu
We develop a new method to directly synthesize aniline from benzene and aqueous ammonia with hydrogen peroxide over Cu/TS-1 catalyst. Formation of Cu-O-Ti species on catalyst promotes the chemical adsorption...
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Iron-catalyzed arylation of benzoazoles with aromatic aldehydes using oxygen as oxidant

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35457H, Communication

Saiwen Liu, Ru Chen, Xiangyu Guo, Huiqiong Yang, Guojun Deng, Chao-Jun Li
Iron-catalyzed oxidative arylation of benzoazoles with aromatic aldehydes.
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Different ionic liquids favor different lignocellulosic biomass particle sizes during pretreatment to function efficiently

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35318K, Paper

Erinc Bahcegul, Serpil Apaydin, Nazife Isik Haykir, Emre Tatli, Ufuk Bakir
Cotton stalks were ground to four different particle sizes and subjected to preteatment via two different ionic liquids. The optimum particle size was different for each ionic liquid in terms of the glucose yields obtained upon the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated cotton stalks.
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Transforming animal fats into biodiesel using charcoal and CO2

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35219B, Paper

Eilhann E. Kwon, Jaegun Seo, Haakrho Yi
This study confirmed that the main driving force of biodiesel conversion through the non-catalytic transesterification reaction is temperature rather than pressure.
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An environmentally friendlier approach to hydrometallurgy: highly selective separation of cobalt from nickel by solvent extraction with undiluted phosphonium ionic liquids

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35246J, Paper

Sil Wellens, Ben Thijs, Koen Binnemans
Cobalt can efficiently be separated from nickel by solvent extraction with the ionic liquid tri(hexyl)tetradecylphosphonium chloride.
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A comparative study of different metal acetylacetonates covalently anchored onto amine functionalized silica: a study of the oxidation of aldehydes and alcohols to corresponding acids in water

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35289C, Paper

Ravinderpal Kour Sodhi, Satya Paul, J. H. Clark
A series of different supported metal acetylacetonates were prepared and their catalytic activity was evaluated for the oxidation of aldehydes and benzyl alcohols to the corresponding carboxylic acids in aqueous medium.
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Gold-catalyzed tandem reaction in water: an efficient and convenient synthesis of fused polycyclic indoles

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35293A, Paper

Enguang Feng, Yu Zhou, Fei Zhao, Xianjie Chen, Lei Zhang, Hualiang Jiang, Hong Liu
This "on water" protocol proceeds in high atom economy and leads to the generation of two rings, together with the formation of one new C-C bond and two new C-N bonds in a single operation.
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Efficient removal of gold complexes from water by precipitation or liquid-liquid extraction using ionic liquids

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35222B, Paper

Nicolas Papaiconomou, Ghislain Vite, Nicolas Goujon, Jean-Marc LEVEQUE, Isabelle Billard
Extraction of tetrachloroaurate or tetrabromoaurate anions has been carried out at pH (1 and 3 to 4) with several ionic liquids bearing halide or bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide NTf2- anions and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-octylpyridinium...
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Magnetic separation of fatty acids with iron oxide nanoparticles and application to extractive deacidification of vegetable oils

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35270B, Paper

Manuel Cano, Kamal Sbargoud, Emmanuel Allard, Chantal Larpent
Facile, eco-friendly removal of free fatty acids from vegetable oils using magnetite nanoparticles: a cheap, non-toxic, easy to separate and recyclable adsorbent.
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Solvent- and catalyst-free synthesis of new hydroxylated trisubstituted pyridines under microwave irradiation

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35243E, Paper

Guodong Yin, Qiong Liu, Junrui Ma, Nengfang She
New hydroxylated pyridine derivatives were synthesized under solvent-free, catalyst-free and microwave irradiation conditions without protection of the hydroxyl group.
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Effective saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass over hydrolysis residue derived solid acid under microwave irradiation

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35306G, Paper

Yijun Jiang
A green and effective approach for comprehensive component utilization of lignocellulosic biomass has been described, based on the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with a carbonaceous solid acid (CSA) derived from...
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Eco-friendly synthesis of carbon fiber precursor polymers and their molecular characteristics

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35098J, Paper

G. Santhana Krishnan, A. Burkanudeen, N. Murali, Hemant Phadnis
A new process for the synthesis of PAC has been developed using template assisted solid phase polymerization techniques.
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Microwave-assisted transition metal free reaction of aryl diazonium fluoroborate and diaryl dichalcogenides in dimethylcarbonate: A green procedure for the synthesis of unsymmetrical diaryl chalcogenides

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35328H, Paper

Brindaban Ranu, Debasish Kundu, Sabir Ahammed
A convenient general and efficient procedure for the synthesis of unsymmettrical diaryl chalcogenides has been developed by the reaction of aryl diazonium fluoroborates and diaryl dichalcogenides in presence of Zinc...
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Efficient catalytic hydrogenation of levulinic acid: a key step in biomass conversion

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35503E, Paper

Jozsef M Tukacs, David Kiraly, Andrea Stradi, Gyula Novodarszki, Zsuzsanna Eke, Gabor Dibo, Tamas Kegl, Laszlo T. Mika
This is an Accepted Manuscript, which has been through the RSC Publishing peer review process and has been accepted for publication. Accepted manuscripts are published online shortly after acceptance. This version of the article will be replaced by the fully edited, formatted and proof read Advance Article as soon as this is available.
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Catalytic procedures for multicomponent synthesis of imidazoles: selectivity control during the competitive formation of tri- and tetra-substituted imidazoles

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35277J, Paper

Asit Chakraborti
The catalytic potential of different fluoroboric acid derived catalyst systems viz; aqueous fluoroboric acid, solid supported fluoroboric acid, metal tetrafluoroborates (inorganic salts), solid supported metal tetrafluoroborates, and tetraflouroborate based ionic...
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Screening of nickel catalysts for selective hydrogen production using supercritical water gasification of glucose

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC16378K, Paper

Pooya Azadi, Elie Afif, Faraz Azadi, Ramin Farnood
The activity and selectivity of several heterogeneous nickel catalysts for the supercritical water gasification of biomass are reported.
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A more direct way to make catalysts: one-pot ligand-assisted aerobic stripping and electrodeposition of copper on graphite

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35147A, Paper

Jose Casaban, Christopher Hardacre, Stuart L. James, M. Cristina Lagunas
Aerobic oxidation followed by electrodeposition in one pot provides a simple and direct way to make supported catalysts with no nitrate waste.
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Relationship between flash point of ionic liquids and their thermal decomposition

Green Chem., 2012, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/C2GC35449G, Paper

Horng-Jang Liaw, Chan-Cheng Chen, Yi-Chien Chen, Jenq-Renn Chen, Shih-Kai Huang, Sheng-Nan Liu
Recently, ionic liquids were verified to be combustible instead of nonflammable; the contrary was thought to be true due their extremely low vapor pressure. Flash point is one of the...
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