RSC - EES Batteries latest articles

Computational investigation of perfluorcarbonates as multi-functional diluents in localized high concentration electrolytes for lithium metal batteries: insights from MD and DFT simulations

EES Batteries, 2026, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00209E, Paper

Open Access

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Zhuijun Xu, Tianle Zheng, Ying Yu, Yaozong Gu, Yinghui Li, Jie Gao, Siqi Shi, Yonggao Xia, Ya-Jun Cheng, Peter Müller-Buschbaum
Diluents play a vital role in the preparation of localized high concentration electrolytes (LHCEs) for high-energy-density lithium metal batteries (LMBs).
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Recent advances and scientometric insights into alkali metal–CO2 batteries: materials, performance, and future directions

EES Batteries, 2026, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00006A, Review Article

Open Access

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Camila Stockey Erhardt, Moyra Freitas Vieira, Darlan Pontin, Chrisminder Dain, Felipe Dalla Vecchia, Victor Hugo Jacks Mendes dos Santos
A comprehensive review and scientometric meta-analysis of alkali metal–CO₂ batteries. The study identifies research hotspots and proposes future directions to overcome kinetic and stability barriers for sustainable CO₂ utilization.
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Understanding the fast charging ability limitation in a graphite electrode for Li-ion batteries. Heterogeneities of lithiation in conventional electrodes

EES Batteries, 2026, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00003G, Paper

Open Access

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Corentin Renais, Marta Mirolo, Victor Vanpeene, Maxime Servajon, Jakub Drnec, Fannie Alloin, Claire Villevieille
Graphite electrodes face fast charging limitations in Li-ion batteries. Using operando X-ray diffraction and ex situ holotomography, we assess ionic transport restrictions and recalculate the actual C-rate within the electrode.
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Revealing EDL-Driven Reduction Mechanisms in Binary, Ternary, and Quaternary Fluorinated Electrolytes via an Integrated MD-DFT-ML Framework

EES Batteries, 2026, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00085A, Paper

Open Access

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Md Jamil Hossain, Tilas Kabengele, Qisheng Wu, Patrick J Barry, Mia Mishaan, Shan Yan, Xiao Tong, Amy C Marschilok, Kenneth James Takeuchi, Esther S. Takeuchi, Brenda M Rubenstein, Yue Qi
Accurately predicting solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation requires explicitly resolving the electric double layer (EDL) structure, which deviates significantly from that of the bulk electrolyte. Although an established molecular dynamics...
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A review of C-based cathode composites for advanced K–Se batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00237K, Review Article

Open Access

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Narasimharao Kitchamsetti, Sungwook Mhin, HyukSu Han
This review summarizes recent progress in C-based cathodes for K–Se batteries, where conductive, and chemically tailored C hosts confine Se, suppress polyselenide shuttling, accelerate redox kinetics, and limit structural degradation.
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Understanding energy–power trade-off in the structure of Li-ion battery cathodes by localized operando XRD

EES Batteries, 2026, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00017G, Paper

Open Access

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Andrew R. T. Morrison, Will J. Dawson, Hamish T. Reid, Juntao Li, Isabella Mombrini, R. S. Young, Alice V. Llewellyn, Gargi Giri, Partha P. Paul, Adam M. Boyce, Rhodri Jervis, Thomas S. Miller, James B. Robinson, Emma Kendrick, Philip J. Withers, Marco Di Michiel, Dan J. L. Brett, Paul R. Shearing
Structured Li-ion electrodes improve Li ion mass transport by providing low-tortuosity routes through the electrode. We apply a localized XRD technique (multi-channel collimator) to understand how structuring affects transport through the electrode.
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Boron nitride nanotubes for next-generation battery systems

EES Batteries, 2026, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00016A, Perspective

Open Access

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Thang Quoc Huynh, Tan-Lien Pham
Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) act as multifunctional interfacial regulators, simultaneously controlling ionic, thermal, and mechanical fields to address key failure modes in next-generation battery systems.
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Dry-milled microstructure-controlled sulfide electrolytes enabling superionic transport and high-capacity all-solid-state batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00013D, Paper

Open Access

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Ziyu Lu, Siwu Li, Lin Li, Ziling Jiang, Long Chen, Miao Deng, Chen Liu, Chuang Yu
Li_5.5PS_4.5Cl_0.8Br_0.7 electrolyte has been demonstrated to be a promising candidate for high-capacity, high-current-density all-solid-state lithium batteries through systematic optimization and validation of the ball-milling parameters.
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EES Batteries 2025 Outstanding Papers

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,309-312
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB90006B, Editorial

Open Access

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Recognising our Outstanding Article and Outstanding Review from work published in EES Batteries in 2025, as well as the authors behind those papers. Discover our winners and their exceptional contributions.
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Benefits and drawbacks of high-temperature formation cycling for lithium-ion batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00218D, Paper

Open Access

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Sebastian Klick, Philipp Finster, Karl Martin Graff, Carlos Ziebert, Gereon Stahl, Felix Weber, Egbert Figgemeier, Dirk Uwe Sauer
Temperature plays a crucial role during the initial SEI formation in lithium-ion batteries. While formation at 80 °C results in lower initial capacity, it improves the cycle lifetime substantially. This is attributed to a more stable SEI.
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Dual defect engineering tailored Li+ diffusion kinetics for sustainable Mn-based composite-structure cathode materials

EES Batteries, 2026, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00073H, Paper

Open Access

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Shiqi Liu, Boya Wang, Shaoze Tian, Bo Wang, Yulong Wang, Zhaoyu Rong, Guanhua Zhang, Jinjin Zhang, Chenghan Li, Tian Wang, Ziliang Liu, Xianwei Guo, Lin Gu, Jianyu Huang, Haijun Yu
Mn-based Li-rich layered oxides are engineered with twin boundaries and oxygen vacancies to expand Li⁺ channels and lower migration barriers, simultaneously enhancing kinetics and stability.
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Perinone isomerism effect on proton insertion chemistry

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,562-571
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00242G, Paper

Open Access

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Qing Lang, Jian Zhang, Ziqi Tian, Qi Fan, Kun Liang, Yunan Wang, Evgenia Dmitrieva, Liang Chen, Congxue Liu, Mingchao Wang, Maryam AlNahyan, Panče Naumov, Gang Wang
A trans/cis-isomerism for proton storage and a disparate effect of the carbonyl group disposition on its electrochemical behavior were demonstrated.
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Substrate-dependent calcium plating on late-transition and p-block metals

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,700-708
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00039H, Paper

Open Access

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Wouter Monnens, Robert Markowski, Andrii Kachmar, Zhenyu Zhou, Roy Heyns, Alexandru Vlad, Koen Binnemans, Jan Fransaer
Variation in early stage plating behaviour of Ca on various electrodes.
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Bridging particle-scale lithiation mechanisms and macroscopic performance in high-energy density Si anodes via time-resolved full 3D visualisation

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,446-463
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00026F, Paper

Open Access

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Michael Häusler, Rahulkumar J. Sinojiya, Olga Stamati, Julie Villanova, Christoph Stangl, Stefan Koller, Roland Brunner
Correlative 4D synchrotron nano-tomography links electrode-scale deformations with particle-resolved strain and lithiation dynamics, revealing enhanced insights into the chemo-mechanical processes of Li-ion cells with high Si content.
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High-energy manganese-rich rocksalt cathodes with engineered oxygen vacancies

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,490-501
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00038J, Paper

Open Access

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Bosu Babu Dasari, Guoying Chen
Engineered oxygen vacancies in Mn-rich DRX oxyfluorides promote the DRX-to-δ transformation by enabling tetrahedral (Td) site activation. A 50 °C CCCV protocol activates δ phase within one cycle, and Ti/Al co-doping improves cycling stability.
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Band alignment and interfacial electrostatics: unraveling the dynamic space charge layer in all-solid-state batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,313-336
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00244C, Review Article

Open Access

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Haoyuan Lai, Jinli Liu, Qiqiang Huang, Chenxi Li, Peng Zhang, Xiaofeng Luo, Lewei Shi, Zhibo Han, Wei Peng, Xingtai Liu, Xinman Chen, Languang Lu, Xuning Feng, Dongsheng Ren, Minggao Ouyang, Xiang Liu
This review summarizes SOC-dependent, multiscale effects of the space charge layer (SCL) in all-solid-state batteries and how it regulates Li⁺ redistribution, built-in fields, and activation energy, governing ion transport and interfacial impedance.
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Mitigating carbothermal reduction in disordered rock-salt cathodes via direct electrode-slurry carbon mixing

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,623-638
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00236B, Paper

Open Access

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Gregory Lazaris, Yixuan Zhang, Pablo Trevino Lara, Nicolas Brodusch, Raynald Gauvin, Jinhyuk Lee
Mechanical milling for conductive carbon incorporation into disordered rock-salt (DRX) Li-ion cathodes triggers carbothermal reduction of the DRX phase. Slurry mixing with acid-treated CNTs avoids this damage,improving electrochemical performance.
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Design guidelines to use optical fibers as state of charge sensors: an operando micro wide and small angle X-ray scattering study of an IR-fiber equipped smart Na-ion battery

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,609-622
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00019C, Paper

Open Access

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Yuan-Chi Yang, Yu Wang, Annabel Olgo, Nilanka M. Keppetipola, Zhenying Li, Ozlem Sel, Nils Blanc, Benoit Mathieu, Ambroise Van Roekeghem, Samuel Tardif, Sandrine Lyonnard, Jean-Marie Tarascon, Quentin Jacquet
Operando scanning X-ray diffraction on a fiber-equipped Na-ion battery reveals biases in state of charge determination using optical fibers.
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Coupling X-ray computed tomography with digital volume correlation to study core collapse in lithium-ion batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,683-699
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00229J, Paper

Open Access

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Kamel Madi, Loic Courtois, Luigi Raspolini, Jinhong Min, Amariah Condon, Peter M. Attia
X-ray computed tomography combined with digital volume correlation to study battery core collapse and feed numerical models.
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Predicting the formation of mud cracks in Li-ion battery electrodes during the drying process with in situ X-ray computed tomography

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,572-585
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00201J, Paper

Open Access

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Will J. Dawson, Andrew R. T. Morrison, Simon M. Tonge, Matthew P. Jones, Kofi Coke, Isabel C. Antony, Kaz Wanelik, Vyacheslav Kachkanov, Partha P. Paul, Bratislav Lukić, Robert Scott Young, Zifa Zuhair, James Parker, Inez Kesuma, Gargi Giri, Liam Bird, Alexander J. E. Rettie, Rhodri Jervis, James B. Robinson, Denis Cumming, Thomas S. Miller, Paul R. Shearing
Crack formation during electrode drying is a potential hindrance to the manufacture of high energy density electrodes. In this study, highly sensitive digital volume correlation is used to identify the precise moment of crack initiation.
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Electrografting solid polymer electrolytes for separator-less structural sodium batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,541-551
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00212E, Paper

Open Access

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Elvira Lind, Vincent Nieboer, Martina Cattaruzza, Mats Johansson, Karin Odelius, Dan Zenkert, Göran Lindbergh
Single-step electrografting of solid polymer electrolytes onto carbon fibres enables separator-less structural sodium batteries with improved electrochemical and mechanical performance.
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Vertically orientated one-dimensional titania lepidocrocite quasi nanoflakes for stabilized lithium deposition in lithium metal anodes

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,552-561
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00196J, Paper

Open Access

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Neal A. Cardoza, Mary Qin. Hassig, Tran Ngo, Taber Yim, Brianna Markunas, Joshua Snyder, Michel W. Barsoum, Vibha Kalra
Vertically aligned lepidocrocite TiO₂ hosts promote uniform lithium nucleation and growth though high surface area and intrinsic Li⁺ affinity, enabling homogeneous Li deposition and suppressing dendrite growth in anode-free Li metal batteries.
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Toward next-generation cathodes for lithium-ion batteries: progress and prospects of single-crystal lithium-rich manganese-based oxides

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,377-404
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00167F, Review Article

Open Access

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Teng Yang, Jinyang Dong, Yuefeng Su, Huiquan Che, Yun Lu, Jianan Hao, Ning Li, Yibiao Guan, Lai Chen, Feng Wu
This review highlights single-crystal Li-rich Mn cathodes. It focuses on enhancing performance by understanding cationic/anionic redox, applying advanced characterization, integrating solid-state systems, and using AI for next-generation batteries.
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Research progress on molybdenum- and tungsten-based materials for sodium-ion batteries: fundamental mechanisms and optimization strategies

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,337-376
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00220F, Review Article

Open Access

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Bingrong Shen, Chenhui Yan, Hui Peng, Guofu Ma, Yuxi Xu
This review presents research progress on molybdenum-based and tungsten-based materials in SIBs, covering sodium storage mechanisms, performance optimization strategies, research progress and future prospects.
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Zinc oxide-reinforced silicon anodes for high-performance all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,529-540
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00238A, Paper

Open Access

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Renbo Liu, Chaolin Mi, Xiaobo Jiang, Shijian Xiong, Zhengyang Song, Yuanchang Shi, Xiaohang Lin, Peng Xiao, Longwei Yin, Rutao Wang
Adding zinc oxide to silicon creates a unique, self-forming structure, which efficiently guides fast transmission of lithium ions, enabling the silicon anode to perform exceptionally well even at very high charging speeds.
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Calendering-induced interfacial reconfiguration enables electrochemical activation in lithium metal powder electrodes for high-energy-density batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,464-474
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00195A, Paper

Open Access

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Dongyoon Kang, Sun Hyu Kim, Jaejin Lim, Hayeon Kim, Cyril Bubu Dzakpasu, Eunbi Kim, Taejin Jo, Yong Min Lee
Calendering-induced electrochemical activation of Li metal powder electrodes is investigated by correlating calendering-driven structural changes with the formation of electrical connectivity and electrochemically active Li within the electrode.
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Aging of commercial sodium-ion batteries with layered oxides: how to measure and analyze it?

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,665-682
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00221D, Paper

Open Access

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Mathias Rehm, Julius Bahrke, Johannes Natterer, Leon Milutinovic, Franz Roehrer, Andreas Jossen
Improving the understanding of the aging of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) is vital for their subsequent improvement and commercialization.
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Towards safer electrolytes: comparing the air stability and electrochemical properties of NaPF6, NaTFSI and Na[B(hfip)4]·DME for sodium-ion batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,475-489
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00011H, Paper

Open Access

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Darren M. C. Ould, James M. Courtney, David J. Morgan, Daniel J. Curtis, Marcin W. Orzech, Sajad Kiani, Brent de Boode, Clare P. Grey, Dominic S. Wright, Serena Margadonna
The air stability, electrochemical properties and battery performance of NaPF₆, NaTFSI and Na[B(hfip)₄]·DME have been compared. NaPF₆ was found to have excellent tolerance to air while 1 M NaTFSI gave similar cycling performance to 1 M NaPF₆.
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Towards an all-printed biodegradable battery

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,586-596
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00164A, Paper

Open Access

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Alexis Laforgue, Asmae Mokrini, Edmond Lam, Alfred Chi Woon Leung, Yali Liu, Sophie Régnier, Denis Rho, Marie-Josée Lorrain, Robert Black, Andrew Wang, Nathalie Chapleau, Naveen Chopra, Gregory McGuire, Nan-Xing Hu
A biodegradable Zn–MnO₂ Leclanché-type primary battery was developed, that can be fabricated using roll-to-roll printing technologies, enabling high-throughput production methods of industrial relevance.
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Unraveling interphase-driven failure pathways in LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4/graphite pouch cells

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,639-651
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00228A, Paper

Open Access

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Chanmonirath (Michael) Chak, Vadim Shipitsyn, Ruyi Song, Glenn Pastel, Wenhua Zuo, Yuwei Zhu, Gui-Liang Xu, Linqin Mu, Lin Ma
This work reveals how VC and DTD stabilize CEI and SEI in LMFP/graphite cells, suppressing electrolyte decomposition, Mn dissolution, LiOR formation, and linking interphase evolution to explain failure and enable long-life LMFP-based batteries.
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Silicon-hydroborate composite electrodes with high interfacial stability for NMC811/silicon solid-state batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,597-608
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00189G, Paper

Open Access

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Hugo Braun, Clea Bürgel, Edouard Quérel, Arndt Remhof, Corsin Battaglia
The hydroborate electrolyte Li₃(CB₁₁H₁₂)₂(CB₉H₁₀) enables 3D silicon composite electrodes with exceptionally low interfacial resistance growth, unlocking room-temperature NMC811/silicon solid-state batteries operated under moderate stack pressure.
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Breaking through the thick-electrode barrier: rational design for high-loading Zn–MnO2 batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,405-424
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00216H, Review Article

Open Access

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Qingyang Yin, Wenqing Lu, Zheng Chen
In this Review, we examine the challenges of high-loading Zn–MnO₂ batteries from material and electrode perspectives. By synthesizing recent advances, this Review aims to guide the rational design of practical Zn–MnO₂ batteries.
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Observation of anomalous capacity hysteresis in commercial sodium ion batteries at low temperatures

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,652-664
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00185D, Paper

Open Access

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Harshitha Marikundam, Selva Seelan Margoschis, Patricio Solana Bustamante, Bhumika Bhangale, Kumlachew Zelalem Walle, Linqin Mu, Andrew Weng, Nicholas Rolston
At 0 °C and below, commercial NIBs exhibit a significant increase in charge capacity compared to discharge capacity, which is attributed to Na metal deposition on the hard carbon electrode and excess electrolyte in the battery can.
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Synergistic effect between carbon-confined bismuth nanoparticles and K+-ether co-intercalation enables high-rate potassium storage at −50 °C

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,516-528
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00151J, Paper

Open Access

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Jiawei Gu, Jiali Lin, Ling Huang, Miao Liu, Zhefei Sun, Xing Chen, Jiaqi Zhang, Mingxuan Luo, Qiaobao Zhang, Li Zhang
An engineered architecture with ultrafine Bi nanoparticles uniformly confined in conductive carbon enables efficient K⁺-ether co-intercalation, lowers desolvation barriers, and delivers high-capacity, high-rate K storage at −50 °C.
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Heat generation behavior of high-voltage spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathodes under varying cycling conditions and material configurations

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,502-515
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00203F, Paper

Open Access

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Kevin Böhm, Aleksandr Kondrakov, Torsten Markus, David Henriques
Quantifying heat generation across current, temperature, and material variations advances understanding of thermal behavior in high-voltage LNMO cathodes.
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A cross-scale collaborative design of copper current collectors for practical anode-free lithium metal batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,425-445
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00198F, Review Article

Open Access

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Jiawang Feng, Tianzhengyi Zhang, Ming Liu, Guoxing Tian, Yuqian Fan, Ailing Song, Guangjie Shao, Zhipeng Ma
From the perspective of cross-scale collaborative design, this review systematically summarizes the multi-dimensional modification strategies for copper foil current collectors in anode-free lithium metal batteries (AFLMBs).
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Anomalous pseudocapacitance of vanadium carbide MXene in water-in-salt electrolytes

EES Batteries, 2026, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00012F, Paper

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Rituprava Dash, Suman Yadav, Narendra Kurra
Vanadium carbide (V₂CT_x) MXene shows unusual pseudocapacitive behavior by unlocking V³⁺/V⁴⁺ redox couple in specific water-in-salt electrolytes by suppressing the irreversible anodic oxidation.
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Electrolyte-centric strategies for high-energy-density lithium metal batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00030D, Review Article

Open Access

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Qidong Ruan, Yong Wu, Yifan Wang, Hao Cheng, Yingying Lu
A critical overview of electrolyte design for high-energy-density lithium metal batteries across liquid, polymer/quasi-solid, and inorganic solid-state pathways.
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Conversion–alloying electrodes for lithium-ion batteries: entropy and nano-level heterogeneity effects

EES Batteries, 2026, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00032K, Paper

Open Access

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Sajid Alvi, Andrea Fazi, Daniel Weber, Daniel Hedman, Kriti Choudhary, Olof Bäcke, Farid Akhtar, Jean-Noel Chotard, Mattias Thuvander, Patrik Johansson
By enabling insights into the effect of nano-level heterogeneity on cycling stability, APT characterization is critically essential for evualuating and optimizing the performance of multicomponent alloy anodes for lithium-ion batteries.
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Chemo-mechanical deformations in lithium titanate composite electrodes upon over-lithiation

EES Batteries, 2026, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00040A, Paper

Open Access

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Batuhan Bal, Bertan Özdoğru, Marcos Lucero, Bhuvaneswari M. Sivakumar, Vijayakumar Murugesan, Xiaolin Li, Ömer Özgür Çapraz
Operando mechanical measurements demonstrated large deformations in the LTO composite anode when cycled below 1.0 V vs. Na during discharge.
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Electrochemical modeling of silicon in lithium-ion batteries using a multi-species, multi-reaction framework with atomistic insights

EES Batteries, 2026, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00061D, Paper

Open Access

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Nikolaos Papadopoulos, Oliver Queisser, Stefanie Arnold, Shubham Dhananjay Bhende, Jonathan E. Mueller, Simon Schwunk, Volker Presser
A phase-resolved multi-reaction model bridges atomistic energetics and electrode behavior, accurately capturing hysteresis and relaxation in Si anodes.
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