RSC - EES Batteries latest articles

Gas Immersion Enabled Atmospheric-Pressure Near-Ambient Phase-Change Refrigeration Cycle for Active Safety Protection of LFP Battery Thermal Runaway: A Single-Cell Proof of Concept

EES Batteries, 2026, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00047A, Paper

Open Access

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Enhui Sun, Guangwei Zhu, Jinyang Zhao, Zixin Ren, Bowen Wang, Yuning Pan, Guohua Liu, Jinliang Xu
Gas venting during thermal runaway of lithium iron phosphate cells can lead to flaming combustion of combustible vent gases, creating severe fire hazards. This study originally proposes the conceptual framework...
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The Behaviour of Phenothiazines as Catholytes in Aqueous-Organic Redox Flow Batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00223K, Paper

Open Access

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.

Nadia Farag, Kieran C Mylrea, Dominic Hey, Kawarpal Singh, Dominic S. Wright, Clare P. Grey
A series of commercially available phenothiazine dyes was explored for their application in aqueous organic redox flow batteries. Of the dyes explored, Azure-A was found to have the most promising...
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AI-driven approaches for navigating battery complexity

EES Batteries, 2026, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00101G, Minireview

Open Access

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.

Sai Gowtham Allu, Rehan Hasnain, Andrew Vos, Paraskevi Flouda
AI-driven approaches are reshaping battery research by accelerating materials discovery and performance prediction across electrolytes, electrodes, and battery health diagnostics.
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Interfacial strain engineering induces fatigue-resistant, high-capacity photo-assisted lithium storage

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,849-860
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00089D, Paper

Open Access

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Mudasar Nazir, Kiem G. Nguyen, Richard T. Baker, Matthew E. Berry, Rabia Khatoon, Shumaila Babar, Steven Dunn, Suela Kellici, Muhammad Tariq Sajjad
Strain-engineered TiO₂/K₂Ti₄O₉-rGO interfaces enhance photo-assisted Li storage by improving charge separation and Li⁺ transport while suppressing cracking, lattice fatigue and capcity fade.
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Computational investigation of perfluorcarbonates as multi-functional diluents in localized high concentration electrolytes for lithium metal batteries: insights from MD and DFT simulations

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,1069-1081
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00209E, Paper

Open Access

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Zhuijun Xu, Tianle Zheng, Ying Yu, Yaozong Gu, Yinghui Li, Jie Gao, Siqi Shi, Yonggao Xia, Ya-Jun Cheng, Peter Müller-Buschbaum
Diluents play a vital role in the preparation of localized high concentration electrolytes (LHCEs) for high-energy-density lithium metal batteries (LMBs).
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A review of C-based cathode composites for advanced K–Se batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,755-772
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00237K, Review Article

Open Access

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Narasimharao Kitchamsetti, Sungwook Mhin, HyukSu Han
This review summarizes recent progress in C-based cathodes for K–Se batteries, where conductive, and chemically tailored C hosts confine Se, suppress polyselenide shuttling, accelerate redox kinetics, and limit structural degradation.
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Boron nitride nanotubes for next-generation battery systems

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,828-834
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00016A, Perspective

Open Access

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Thang Quoc Huynh, Tan-Lien Pham
Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) act as multifunctional interfacial regulators, simultaneously controlling ionic, thermal, and mechanical fields to address key failure modes in next-generation battery systems.
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Dry-milled microstructure-controlled sulfide electrolytes enabling superionic transport and high-capacity all-solid-state batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,1040-1052
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00013D, Paper

Open Access

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Ziyu Lu, Siwu Li, Lin Li, Ziling Jiang, Long Chen, Miao Deng, Chen Liu, Chuang Yu
Li_5.5PS_4.5Cl_0.8Br_0.7 electrolyte has been demonstrated to be a promising candidate for high-capacity, high-current-density all-solid-state lithium batteries through systematic optimization and validation of the ball-milling parameters.
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Understanding the fast charging ability limitation in a graphite electrode for Li-ion batteries. Heterogeneities of lithiation in conventional electrodes

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,1053-1068
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00003G, Paper

Open Access

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Corentin Renais, Marta Mirolo, Victor Vanpeene, Maxime Servajon, Jakub Drnec, Fannie Alloin, Claire Villevieille
Graphite electrodes face fast charging limitations in Li-ion batteries. Using operando X-ray diffraction and ex situ holotomography, we assess ionic transport restrictions and recalculate the actual C-rate within the electrode.
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Benefits and drawbacks of high-temperature formation cycling for lithium-ion batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,1023-1039
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00218D, Paper

Open Access

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Sebastian Klick, Philipp Finster, Karl Martin Graff, Carlos Ziebert, Gereon Stahl, Felix Weber, Egbert Figgemeier, Dirk Uwe Sauer
Temperature plays a crucial role during the initial SEI formation in lithium-ion batteries. While formation at 80 °C results in lower initial capacity, it improves the cycle lifetime substantially. This is attributed to a more stable SEI.
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Dual defect engineering tailored Li+ diffusion kinetics for sustainable Mn-based composite-structure cathode materials

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,861-869
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00073H, Paper

Open Access

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Shiqi Liu, Boya Wang, Shaoze Tian, Bo Wang, Yulong Wang, Zhaoyu Rong, Guanhua Zhang, Jinjin Zhang, Chenghan Li, Tian Wang, Ziliang Liu, Xianwei Guo, Lin Gu, Jianyu Huang, Haijun Yu
Mn-based Li-rich layered oxides are engineered with twin boundaries and oxygen vacancies to expand Li⁺ channels and lower migration barriers, simultaneously enhancing kinetics and stability.
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Understanding energy–power trade-off in the structure of Li-ion battery cathodes by localized operando XRD

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,911-923
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00017G, Paper

Open Access

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Andrew R. T. Morrison, Will J. Dawson, Hamish T. Reid, Juntao Li, Isabella Mombrini, R. S. Young, Alice V. Llewellyn, Gargi Giri, Partha P. Paul, Adam M. Boyce, Rhodri Jervis, Thomas S. Miller, James B. Robinson, Emma Kendrick, Philip J. Withers, Marco Di Michiel, Dan J. L. Brett, Paul R. Shearing
Structured Li-ion electrodes improve Li ion mass transport by providing low-tortuosity routes through the electrode. We apply a localized XRD technique (multi-channel collimator) to understand how structuring affects transport through the electrode.
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Conversion–alloying electrodes for lithium-ion batteries: entropy and nano-level heterogeneity effects

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,1003-1011
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00032K, Paper

Open Access

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Sajid Alvi, Andrea Fazi, Daniel Weber, Daniel Hedman, Kriti Choudhary, Olof Bäcke, Farid Akhtar, Jean-Noel Chotard, Mattias Thuvander, Patrik Johansson
By enabling insights into the effect of nano-level heterogeneity on cycling stability, APT characterization is critically essential for evualuating and optimizing the performance of multicomponent alloy anodes for lithium-ion batteries.
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Recent advances and scientometric insights into alkali metal–CO2 batteries: materials, performance, and future directions

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,773-794
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00006A, Review Article

Open Access

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Camila Stockey Erhardt, Moyra Freitas Vieira, Darlan Pontin, Chrisminder Dain, Felipe Dalla Vecchia, Victor Hugo Jacks Mendes dos Santos
A comprehensive review and scientometric meta-analysis of alkali metal–CO₂ batteries. The study identifies research hotspots and proposes future directions to overcome kinetic and stability barriers for sustainable CO₂ utilization.
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Anomalous pseudocapacitance of vanadium carbide MXene in water-in-salt electrolytes

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,1012-1022
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00012F, Paper

Open Access

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Rituprava Dash, Suman Yadav, Narendra Kurra
Vanadium carbide (V₂CT_x) MXene shows unusual pseudocapacitive behavior by unlocking V³⁺/V⁴⁺ redox couple in specific water-in-salt electrolytes by suppressing the irreversible anodic oxidation.
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Electrochemical modeling of silicon in lithium-ion batteries using a multi-species, multi-reaction framework with atomistic insights

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,894-910
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00061D, Paper

Open Access

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Nikolaos Papadopoulos, Oliver Queisser, Stefanie Arnold, Shubham Dhananjay Bhende, Jonathan E. Mueller, Simon Schwunk, Volker Presser
A phase-resolved multi-reaction model bridges atomistic energetics and electrode behavior, accurately capturing hysteresis and relaxation in Si anodes.
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Nickel-dependent interfacial chemistry in layered oxide cathodes: insights from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,975-991
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00021E, Paper

Open Access

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Monica J. Theibault, Dennis Nordlund, Marca Doeff, Wei Tong
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance experiments were used to uncover the origins of the poorer cycle life of NMC9055 compared to NMC622.
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Phase instability-coupled fracture behavior in garnet LLZO solid electrolytes: a machine learning-enabled atomistic study

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,883-893
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00053C, Paper

Open Access

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Suyue Yuan, Kwangnam Kim, Bo Wang, Longsheng Feng, Tae Wook Heo, Brandon C. Wood, Liwen F. Wan
Fracture in the garnet-type solid electrolyte Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ (LLZO) poses a critical threat to both the performance and safety of solid-state batteries.
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Electrolyte-centric strategies for high-energy-density lithium metal batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,721-754
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00030D, Review Article

Open Access

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Qidong Ruan, Yong Wu, Yifan Wang, Hao Cheng, Yingying Lu
A critical overview of electrolyte design for high-energy-density lithium metal batteries across liquid, polymer/quasi-solid, and inorganic solid-state pathways.
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Chemo-mechanical deformations in lithium titanate composite electrodes upon over-lithiation

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,992-1002
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00040A, Paper

Open Access

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Batuhan Bal, Bertan Özdoğru, Marcos Lucero, Bhuvaneswari M. Sivakumar, Vijayakumar Murugesan, Xiaolin Li, Ömer Özgür Çapraz
Operando mechanical measurements demonstrated large deformations in the LTO composite anode when cycled below 1.0 V vs. Na during discharge.
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Breaking solvation compactness: methyl acetate cosolvent engineering enables high-voltage lithium metal batteries at low temperatures

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,870-882
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00208G, Paper

Open Access

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Hui Tian, Yufeng Luo, Zixin Hong, Zhenhan Fang, Hengcai Wu, Fei Zhao, Guoqiang Tan, Qunqing Li, Shoushan Fan, Jiaping Wang
MA as fluorinated electrolyte cosolvent breaks compact solvation structure for faster Li⁺ transport, while constructing elastic EEIs. MA-FBE enables stable operation of NCM811 LMBs at 4.8 V high voltage and over a −70 to 60 °C wide temperature range.
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Comparing the energy and climate impacts of conventional lithium-ion and all-solid-state batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,835-848
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00058D, Paper

Open Access

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence.

Zhu Zhu, Rebecca E. Ciez
All-solid-state batteries offer higher energy density and lower material use than Li-ion batteries, which reduce cell-level energy and emissions, but do not significantly reduce energy or emissions per unit of energy stored over the battery lifetime.
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Advancing cryogenic electron microscopy towards the mechanistic understanding of metal electrodes and interphases

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,795-816
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00054A, Perspective

Open Access

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Yaolin Xu, Kang Dong, Zdravko Kochovski, Qingping Wu, Yan Lu
Cryo-EM enables multimodal characterization of Li and post-Li metal anodes and interphases, offering mechanistic insights for next-generation battery design.
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Hybrid thermochemical Carnot battery with calcium looping, methane dry reforming, and supercritical carbon dioxide cycle: thermodynamic and techno-economic optimization

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,947-961
DOI: 10.1039/D5EB00225G, Paper

Open Access

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Jun Shen, Yongqing Zhang, Zihao Sun, Dabiao Wang, Sheng Li, Wei Han, Kezhen Zhang, Xiao Yang, Chenglong Yang, Qianghui Xu
This study proposes a polygeneration hybrid thermochemical Carnot battery integrating Ca-looping thermochemical storage and methane dry reforming in an electrically heated calciner, coupled to a supercritical CO₂ Brayton cycle for power discharge.
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Integrated machine learning-molecular dynamics framework for electrolyte property prediction

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,934-946
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00024J, Paper

Open Access

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Srikant Sagireddy, Nikhil Rampal, Stephen E. Weitzner, Liwen F. Wan
Electrochemical stability windows determine electrolyte operating limits, yet stability arises from statistical ensembles of local solvation environments rather than isolated structures. We capture this by coupling MD with solvation-aware GNNs.
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Nonuniform charging and phase front instability in nickel (oxy)hydroxide thin-film electrodes

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,962-974
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00045B, Paper

Open Access

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Aleksandr Kurilovich, Avihay Ben Shitrit, David S. Ellis, Nadav Port, Nir Gavish, Arik Yochelis, Avner Rothschild
Macroscopic symmetry-breaking during the Ni(OH)₂ → NiOOH transition drives lateral phase-front propagation, nonuniform charging, and premature oxygen evolution.
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Gassing behavior and safety issues of Li-rich cathodes

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,817-827
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00022C, Perspective

Open Access

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Haitang Zhang, Jian Wang, Lingqiao Wu, Shiqi Liu, Yuan Liang, Shu Zhao, Haijun Yu
A multimodal combined characterization platform is proposed to investigate the thermal stability of delithiated LLOs in the presence of an electrolyte for a low-gas-emission and high-safety battery system.
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Common-ion driven self-assembly of Cu nanoparticles for interfacial stabilization of Zn anodes

EES Batteries, 2026, 2,924-933
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00014B, Paper

Open Access

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Jooyoung Jang, Yeonwoo Jeong, Changshin Jo
Common-ion-induced self-assembly of Cu nanoparticles forms area-wide active sites and a robust interphase on the Zn electrode, promoting uniform Zn deposition while suppressing corrosion and byproduct formation.
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Comparing the safety of graphite and silicon negative active materials in lithium ion batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00051G, Paper

Open Access

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L. Schrief, L. Trojahn, J. Jang, N. Fehlings, S. Nowak, M. Winter, M. Börner
Silicon is a promising negative active material for future high-energy lithium ion batteries. However, safety analyses show strong exothermic reactions for Si-based electrodes and cells due to structural degradation and gas evolution.
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Unlocking Superionic Conduction by Modulating Electrostatic Interactions in a Zirconium-Based Trigonal Halide Solid Electrolyte

EES Batteries, 2026, Accepted Manuscript
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00070C, Paper

Open Access

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Joohyeon Noh, Seungju Yu, Sunyoung Lee, Wonju Kim, Kyungho Yoon, Sangwook Han, Junhyuk Song, Kyungbae Oh, Chanwoong Park, Daero Won, Geunji Choi, Kangtaek Lee, Kisuk Kang
Halide solid electrolytes have recently emerged as promising candidates for solid-state batteries, combining high ionic conductivity, favorable cathode compatibility, and mechanical softness. Among them, the zirconium-based halide Li₂ZrCl₆ has attracted...
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Insight and regulation of interfacial coordination chemistry of a high-voltage LiCoPO4 cathode via functionalized carbon layer anchoring for robust surface passivation

EES Batteries, 2026, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00077K, Paper

Open Access

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Moohyun Woo, George P. Demopoulos
The interfacial degradation of high-voltage LiCoPO₄ involving metal dissolution is revealed through comprehensive post-mortem analysis and its cycling stability is enhanced via functionalized carbon layer anchoring that ensures robust passivation.
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Ultrafast ion-exchange synthesis of 3D lithiophilic scaffolds for high-capacity anode-less all-solid-state batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00063K, Paper

Open Access

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Jihoon Oh, Taegeun Lee, Noh Joon Lee, Yeeun Sohn, Sanghun Park, Ji Young Kim, Ki Yoon Bae, Jang Wook Choi
A 3D scaffold for anode-less all-solid-state batteries is developed through the ultrafast synthesis via a facile ion-exchange mechanism, stabilizing Li plating as high as 35 mAh cm⁻².
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Effect of nanoparticle surface modification on lithium-ion transport in composite polymer electrolytes

EES Batteries, 2026, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00043F, Paper

Open Access

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Meghan Burns, Musawenkosi K. Ncube, Dan McElheny, Michael Counihan, Larry A. Curtiss, Anh T. Ngo, Jordi Cabana, Sanja Tepavcevic
Silane-functionalized LLZO nanoparticles enhance polymer–particle interfacial Li⁺ transport, enabling stable lithium cycling at higher current densities through improved interfacial dynamics and modulated Li ion behavior.
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Weakly dissociated lithium salt decouples solvent–anion interfacial dynamics for wide-temperature lithium-ion batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00057F, Paper

Open Access

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Shaoyun Zhou, Zetai Xu, Chaonan Wang, Chao Tang, Junhua Jian, Meirong Wang, Hong-Bin Yao, Hongchang Jin, Yuhao Lu, Hengxing Ji
A LiDFP dual-salt electrolyte forms Li₃PO₄/LiF-rich thin interphases, ensuring high temperature stability and low temperature ion transport. Full cells retain 57% capacity at −40 °C and show excellent cycling/storage at 60 °C.
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Scaling up Si–C composite synthesis from recycled graphite for high-energy density and low-environmental impact batteries

EES Batteries, 2026, Advance Article
DOI: 10.1039/D6EB00002A, Paper

Open Access

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Denis Dienguila Kionga, Théodore Barret, Martin Raaen, Lisa Vericel, Anna Vanderbruggen, Giulia Pezzin, Giovanni Andrea Blengini, Alessandra Manzini, Willy Porcher, Pascale Chenevier
Graphite-silicon composites are produced from recycled graphite into lithium-ion battery anodes of 1150 mAh L⁻¹ capacity. The upscaled process allows assembling batteries by roll-to-roll fabrication, and evaluating their environmental impact.
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